DataToolsLab

Statistics & Probability Calculators

Free statistics and probability calculators: probability and Bayes' theorem, permutations and combinations, the binomial, Poisson and normal distributions, standard error, confidence intervals, sample size, correlation, covariance, linear regression and R². Three engines back every page, so a confidence interval and the z-score it is built from can never disagree. Everything runs in your browser.

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Basic Probability

Counting & Combinatorics

Probability Distributions

Inferential Statistics

Bivariate Data

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About Statistics & Probability Calculators

Statistics questions arrive one at a time — the probability of exactly three successes, the z-score of an exam result, the sample size a survey needs, the R² of a regression — and each page here answers one of them and shows the working. The values that break a naive implementation are answered as cases rather than as NaN: a conditional probability whose condition never happens, a binomial with a probability of exactly 0 or 1, a regression on data with no variation in x, a factorial too large to hold as a float. One combinatorics, one distribution and one regression engine back the whole category, so the mean np on two binomial pages and the correlation on two bivariate pages are the same number. Nothing is uploaded, there is no sign-up, and the pages keep working offline once loaded.

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Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between probability and odds?

Probability is favourable outcomes divided by all outcomes, so it runs from 0 to 1. Odds compare favourable with unfavourable outcomes and are written as a ratio like 1:5. A probability of 1/6 is odds of 1:5, not 1:6 — the Probability Calculator shows both so the two can be compared side by side.

Why does a very accurate test still produce mostly false positives?

Because the condition is rare. If 1% of people have a condition and a test is 99% accurate, the small number of true cases is swamped by the false positives from the large healthy group. Bayes' theorem makes that arithmetic explicit, and the calculator prints every substitution so the base rate is not hidden.

When should I use the t distribution instead of z?

When the sample is small and the population standard deviation is unknown. The calculators here use the t critical value while there are 30 or fewer degrees of freedom and switch to the normal z value after that, and each result says which one it used. For large samples the two are close enough that the difference does not change a reported interval materially.

What does R² actually tell me?

The share of the variation in y that the fitted line explains, from 0 to 1. It is the square of the correlation, so a correlation of 0.5 is an R² of 0.25 — the line accounts for a quarter of the variation. A high R² means the line fits the data, not that x causes y.

Do these tools upload my data?

No. Every calculation is plain TypeScript running in the page — there is no API call, no account and no telemetry on what you entered. That matters for data sets, which are often the sensitive kind. The pages keep working offline once loaded.

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